New York

New York (pronunciation in American English / nuːjɔɹk / pronunciation of the title in its original version Listen), officially City of New York, otherwise known as the name and abbreviation of New York City or NYC, is the largest city in the United States and one of the largest in the Americas. It is located in the Northeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast to the southeastern tip of the state of New York. The New York City consists of five boroughs called boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Bronx and Staten Island. Its inhabitants are called New Yorkers.

Between 1785 and 1790 the city of New York was the capital of the US2. It is the largest city in the country since 17903, before feeding for a few decades the financial and political rivalry between New York and Philadelphia.

New York has a significant impact on global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education and entertainment. Gathering all the characteristics of a global city, it is sometimes considered the "capital of the world." If it is not the capital of the United States for more than two sièclesnotes 1, New York is not least the country's most populous city, with 8,336,697 inhabitants according to the Census Bureau of the United States (2012) 4. At the heart of the megalopolis of BosWashnotes 2, its agglomeration 19,069,796 habitants5 spans several counties of the State of New York (suburbs east and north) and impinges on two neighboring states. Indeed, the state of New Jersey has its western suburbs and south, and the Connecticut includes its suburbs northeast. Its urban area in turn had 22,201,312 inhabitants in 20096.

New York is one of the most cosmopolitan cities in the world, with its many ethnic neighborhoods. The best known are Little Italy, Chinatown or that incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese population Amériques7,8,9,10.

New York hosts some 50 million visitors annuels11,12,13. Times Square, iconified as "the Crossroads of the World" 14,15,16,17,18, is the hub of the show in the entire country and the theater district Broadway19, one of the most populaires20 intersections and a major center of the entertainment industry worldwide.21. The city has a large number of bridges (78,822 in 2012), skyscrapers and parks renowned mondiale23. The financial district in New York, anchored by Wall Street in Lower Manhattan, functions as the "financial capital of the world" 24,25,26,27,28,29,30 and is home to the stock exchange and New York31 its future financial center One World Trade center. In addition, the Manhattan real estate market is among the highest in the world.32.

Finally, New York is home to institutions of global importance. These include the UN headquarters, but also many seats multinationales33 and cultural centers such as the Metropolitan Museum, the Brooklyn Museum, MoMA, Lincoln Center. Many famous universities are located in New York, including the University of the City of New York, Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller, which are classified among the top 50 universities in the University monde34.

Turkey

Turkey, long the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Republic, Turkish Türkiye Türkiye Cumhuriyeti pronunciation and form, is a country located on the border of Asia and Europe. It has borders with Greece, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan), Iran, Iraq and Syria. It is a parliamentary republic whose official language is Turkish. Turkey is bordered to the north by the Black Sea, to the west by the Aegean Sea and south through the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea: the Levantine Basin. Eastern Thrace (Europe) and Anatolia (Asia) are separated by the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Bosporus on the east and west of the Dardanelles (the three inlets form what is called the Straits ).

Turkey has 3% of its territory in Europe (Eastern Thrace). Its geographical location astride two continents, at the crossroads of routes Russia - Mediterranean and Balkans - Middle East, on the ancient Silk Road, today on the pipeline route of strategic importance, Turkey has always been a hub of economic, cultural and religious exchanges. She made the link between the East and the West, where its strategic leadership position which reinforces the view of the political events that have shaken the Middle East as the oil market and tensions linked to the problem water.

Modern Turkey was founded under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1923 on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire defeated by the First World War, is a unitary constitutional secular democratic republic,. Since then, she has never ceased to be closer to the West by joining, for example, cooperation organizations: NATO, OECD, OSCE, Council of Europe or the G20. Turkey is an official candidate since 1963 to enter the European Economic Community (EEC), the current European Union (EU), with which it has concluded a customs union agreement in 1995, in force since 1996 Negotiations for the entry of Turkey into the EU is officially underway since 2005 same time, Turkey has maintained close ties with countries with a majority Muslim population as it, as well as the Middle East and Asia Central including participation in the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the Organization for Economic Cooperation, and the Turkic Council. In 2014, at the summit in Dili (East Timor), Turkey became an associate observer of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP)

Anatolia (Asia Minor) is one of the cradles of Christianity. According to the Acts of the Apostles, it was in Antioch that the disciples were first called Christians. Saint Paul of Tarsus and originates he traveled extensively in Asia Minor: Antakya, Konya, Ankara (capital of Galatians), Ephesus. The latter city is attached to the memory of John. According to tradition, the Virgin Mary spent her last years near Ephesus in Selçuk. The Cave of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus is located near Ephesus as the name suggests. The Seven Churches of Asia or Seven Churches of the Apocalypse are seven mentioned in the book of the Apocalypse in the New Testament diocesan communities (episcopal seats were located in Asia Minor (Anatolia), now in Turkey.) St. Nicolas, who was born in Patara and died in Myra, was a native of the region of Lycia in Anatolia. The seven ecumenical councils (Nicaea I, Constantinople I, Ephesus, Chalcedon, Constantinople II, Constantinople III, Nicea II) gathered in Turkey today (at Nicaea, Constantinople, Ephesus, Chalcedon.) Two of the five churches of Pentarchy (Church Constantinople and Antioch) are in what is now Turkey. There are remnants of early Christianity (Cappadocia) and medieval (in the region of Trabzon.)

In the early twentieth century, the Christian Armenians living in eastern Turkey on the Armenian plateau and the Greek Orthodox on the coast of the Aegean Sea as well as the northern and southern coasts (Trabzon, Antalya, Izmir ...). During the First World War, most Armenians were killed, deported or fled during the Armenian Genocide. The Greeks first fled after the burning of their homes by turques23 forces during the Greco-Turkish War of 1920-1922, were then subject to an exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey between 1923 and 1927 with a transfer of Greek populations from Anatolia to Greece and Turkey populations from Greece to Turkey.

The number of Christians in Turkey are not so far beyond the two thousand percent, although the largest city, Istanbul, is home to two prestigious patriarchates: the Greeks and Armenians. Armenians are the largest Christian community in the country (60 000 including 45 000 Istanbul24), divided into three communities: Apostolic (57,000), Catholics (3000) and Protestants (500) in Istanbul, Antakya and Kayseri). Also exemplary Syriacs (15,000 of which 2,000 Catholics in Istanbul and Mardin), Chaldeans (10,000, mostly from Iraq), the Latins (5000, concentrated in Istanbul and Izmir, small communities Bursa, Konya, Mersin, Tarsus, Antakya, Iskenderun, Samsun, Trabzon), Greek Orthodox (3000, Istanbul, Antakya, Gökçeada and Bozcaada).


 It should also be added the "new" Protestant or Muslim converts to evangelical Protestantism, which are the number of 5000.

Rome

Rome (Italian Roma / 'Roma /) is the capital of Italy since 1871, is located in the Lazio region in central Somalia. With 2,865,151 inhabitants established on 1285 sq km (4,321,244 inhabitants in 2013 with the agglomeration) 1, Rome is the most populated municipality of Italy and largest of Europe.2 after Moscow and London; its urban area, however, is less important than those of Milan and Naples3. Its inhabitants are called the Romans.

City cradle of Western civilization after Athens, Rome has a history that spans more than two thousand five hundred years. It was the center of the Roman Empire, which dominated Europe, North Africa and the Middle East for over five hundred years from the first century BC. BC to the fifth century AD. AD .. Rome occupies a crucial place in Christianity and is the seat of the Roman Catholic Church and the Vatican City, a sovereign state whose head is the pope.

The historic center of Renaissance and Baroque style. Rome is the third most visited in Europe after London and Paris4 and its historic center tourist destination is listed by UNESCO as a heritage site mondial


Rome is in the Lazio region in central Italy, at the confluence of the Aniene and Tiber. The center is located about 25 kilometers from the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, but the Roman settlement extends to it through the Municipio XIII forming the current district of Ostia, also called Lido di Roma (Lido meaning "coast" in Italian). The altitude ranges from 13 meters above sea level (in Piazza del Popolo) to 120 meters.

The historic center of Rome is dominated by seven hills: Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal and Viminal, all lying on the left bank of the Tiber River that runs through the city to the south and in the middle of which is the Tiber Island. The ancient city was surrounded by walls which Aurelian Wall, a wall built by the Emperor Aurelian in 270 to protect neighborhoods that had developed outside the Servian Wall. This part of Rome covers about 4% of the area of the present municipality that extends well beyond the strictly urban space.
The old center remains one of the world's largest historic cities, it is divided into 22 Rioni and includes about 300 hotels, more than 2,000 palaces, 300 churches, 200 monumental fountains, several archaeological sites, eight parks, main monuments the city, government institutions and thousands of shops, offices, bars and restaurants.

The rest of the city is divided into urban neighborhoods that contain the majority of modern buildings. The whole is surrounded by the GRA (GRA), Roman Perimeter Highway. Beyond develop new wings where tertiary sectors, and new residential neighborhoods far beyond the device (Torrenova Acilia) and belted themselves by the device of the A1 Milan-Naples.

Doubaï

Doubaï1 Dubai is the most populous of the United Arab Emirates (across the federal capital Abu Dhabi). Located on the Persian Gulf, it is capital of the emirate of Dubai, and has over one million inhabitants (however, with the cities of Sharjah, Ajman and Umm Al Quwain, themselves capitals of their respective emirates it forms a metropolitan area exceeding 2.3 million in 2010). Dubai is also the largest port in the country.

Founded in the eighteenth century, Dubai remains a modest and isolated town in the world that lives mainly pearl diving in the late nineteenth century. At that time, as the emirate surroundings, they become important in participating in the creation of the Trucial States (Trucial States in English) in 1853.
Through a difficult period during the inter-war years, before entering the full force of modernity in the second half of the twentieth century, Dubai participated in the creation of the current UAE in 1971 with the emir is vice -présidence.

Although not the capital of the United Arab Emirates, Dubai has become the most famous city of the federation.
This reputation is largely due to the media coverage of its tourism projects such as the Burj Al Arab, the most luxurious and the most "star" of the world, the gigantic building projects like the Palm Islands, artificial peninsula shaped palm, the World, an artificial archipelago that replicates the map of the world, the Dubai Marina and disproportionate to the particular architecture, not to mention the tallest building in the world, Burj Khalifa.

These projects claimed by the government, are presented as a way to become in a few years the world's top destination for luxury tourism and become one of the world centers of family tourism, business, shopping, etc.

The road network consists of broad avenues and highways, including Sheikh Zayed Road is the best known example. This creates a mesh network linking the various residential areas, work and travel in the metropolitan area of Dubai. To allow the crossing of Khor Dubai, the tunnel Shindanaga submarine was built in the sea. Dubai also has the reputation of being the city of the rich country with the most accidents and deaths on the roads. It is estimated that there is an accident every three minutes in Dubai, which contributes to the gridlock. To finance road infrastructure, toll, the salik was established on 1 July 2007.

The sixth crossing of the Khor Dubai, a bridge 12 lanes circulation14 (2x6 lanes), 1.7 km long, 205 m high with a width of 64 m is under construction (March 2008). The bridge, the largest in the world, will open up the Al Jaddaf area. The project will take four years to an estimated $ 817 million (556 million euros).

To alleviate gridlock, the bus network, made ​​up of 59 lines used by 200,000 passengers a week, can reduce three subway lines are under construction, were opened partially in 2009 and fully in 2012 .

The green line in the shape of a "U" around the Khor Dubai Deira and Bur Dubai will link the city center while the red line will connect Jebel Ali in Dubai International Airport. These two lines will measure 70 km and 43 stations count (33 underground and surface ten). Recently, the construction of another line of 47 kilometers (purple) was announced. It would connect the new airport under construction (the Dubai World Central International Airport) in Jebel Ali.

A Streetcar whose construction started in 2009 and with 14 km of line for 19 stations, should also be put into operation in 2014 Finally, to complete these networks transport in own site, it is planned to build seven monorails to to connect to different sites such as Dubailand, Jumeirah Palm, etc. Taxis are numerous in Dubai and it's everywhere. They are the means of non-personal use by most Emiratis transport.

Canton

Canton (Portuguese Cantão) and Guangzhou (pinyin: GuăngzhōuÉcouter pronunciation in Mandarin Chinese: 广州) is the capital of Guangdong Province in southern China. It has the administrative status of sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. With nearly 12.7 million (including 11.07 million urban residents over an area of ​​3843 km2) 2, is the third most populous city behind Shanghai and Beijing, and the first Southern China. With the cities of Shenzhen, Foshan, Dongguan, Zhongshan, Jiangmen and it forms the Chinese megalopolis River Delta Pearl conurbation stretching nearly 20 000 km2 and represents almost 40 million inhabitants. It hosted the 2010 Asian Games.


According to legend, the city of Canton is descended from heaven with goats Immortals, where Chinese circumlocution of "City of Five Rams" to designate rams that are actually goats.

Canton, or Guangzhou, was his debut called Panyu (Chinese: 番禺; Jyutping: Pun1 Jyu4), a name taken from the name of two mountains surrounding the present town, and Pan Yu His story begins with the conquest of the region. during the Qin Dynasty. Panyu began its expansion when the city became the capital of the Nanyue Kingdom (南越) in 206 BC. AD, the latter including at the time what is now Vietnam. The Han Dynasty annexed the Nanyue Kingdom in -111 and Panyu became a provincial capital of Guangdong. In 226 AD, Panyu became the seat of Guang Prefecture (广州; Guangzhou). Its name was changed to Guangzhou (廣州) in 226.

In the Tang Dynasty (618-907), Chinese society became international with the influx of fore

ign merchants which followed the restoration of Chinese control over the Silk Road, after the military conquest of Emperor Taizong (626- 649). Canton, like other major cities such as Chang'an and Luoyang, and many other market towns, welcomed foreign communities. Originating mainly from Central Asia in recent introduced new religions as well as other culinary, musical and artistic traditions. In the ninth century, the foreign population of the city of Canton was estimated at 100,000 people.

Arab and Persian pirates sacked Guangzhou (known to them as the Sin-Kalan) in 758, according to a report from the local government of 30 October 758, which corresponded to the day Gisi (癸巳) of the ninth lunar month in the first year of the era of Emperor Suzong Qianyuan Tang Dynasty. The tenth century to the twelfth century, there existed a district in Guangzhou foreigners, including people sheltering from the Persian Gulf from the sacking of the town of 758.


During the Japanese invasion, the city suffers from autumn 1937 violent strategic bombing of civilian targets, leading to a resolution of censure of the League of Nations against Japan. The imperial army are also implanted bacteriological research unit 8604, a subsidiary of Unit 731, where Japanese doctors practiced experiments on human guinea pigs.

Las Vegas

Las Vegas is the largest city in the state of Nevada, USA. It is located in the middle of the Mojave Desert (the driest of the four North American deserts) in Clark County. Mormons founded the city in 1855, which became the early twentieth century an agricultural village.

With liberal laws relating to gaming in the State of Nevada, the city has earned a worldwide reputation for its casinos and its journals. Because of the huge hotel capacity of the city (more than 120,000 hotel rooms, making it the city's first hotel in the world), it is also a place of choice for hosting major conventions. Las Vegas is also the temple of shopping, especially with its large shopping centers (the Fashion Show Mall, for example, located on the Strip).

Las Vegas is a premier tourist destination in the United States. In 2004, the city has hosted the game 37.4 million visitors, 80% from California.

Las Vegas is the seat of Clark County since 1909 (the year of the creation of the county). It is also the seat of a Catholic diocese. According to the Census Bureau of the United States, the population of the municipality is 583 756 inhabitants in 2010.1 The population of the metropolitan area has tripled in twenty years and has 1,951,269 inhabitants in 2010 to Las Vegas After the thirtieth municipality and the urban area of the thirtieth country2. The Greater Las Vegas does not match the metropolitan area (MSA). Its territory covers only 1906 km2 collecting 1,868,220 inhabitants 1,951,269 on the metropolitan area (Clark County) account. A dozen municipalities make up the metropolitan area (Las Vegas, Enterprise, North Las Vegas, Spring Valley, Winchester, Paradise, Boulder City, Henderson ...).

The broader metropolitan area (CSA) covers two counties (Clark and Nye), or 67,487 square kilometers with a population of 2,013,326 inhabitants.

Las Vegas is one of the largest cities in the United States. However, it has no major league team owned professional sports such as the NFL (American football), MLB (baseball), NBA (basketball) and NHL (ice hockey). This feature can be explained by the fact that the leaders of these major league experience some reluctance to coexist professional franchise with this "game world" and bookmakers.

The city has a professional American football franchise in theaters, the Las Vegas Gladiators playing in Arena Football League, they play in the Orleans Arena (9500 seats) with the Las Vegas Wranglers are an ice hockey team in the East Coast Hockey League.

The main baseball club of the city are the Las Vegas 51s of the League of the Pacific Coast, which plays in the Cashman Field (9334 seats). The 51s are a AAA minor league team affiliated with the New York Mets MLB.

The Las Vegas area has three major basketball teams: the Las Vegas Stars (International Basketball League), the PROLYMs Las Vegas and Henderson All-Starz (American Basketball Association 2000).

In February 2007, the Thomas & Mack Center (main sports hall in the city with about 19,000 seats) hosted the NBA All-Star Game in 2007.

Since 1986, the city hosts the Open in Las Vegas is a male tennis tournament which takes place in late February, sometimes early May.

The Las Vegas Motor Speedway (LVMS) is a conventional circuit located north of the city, which hosts racing like NASCAR. The circuit is a "D-oval" (oval-shaped D), has a length of 2.414 km and has a capacity of 156,000 spectators. It belongs to the Speedway Motorsports, Inc., headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. The main events are the Shelby American NASCAR (Sprint Cup), the Sam's Town 300 (Nationwide Series) and the Las Vegas 350 (Camping World Truck Truck Series).

In college sports, the Rebels of UNLV (NCAA) defend the colors of the University of Nevada (Las Vegas). The football team of Rebels play Sam Boyd Stadium (36,800 seats) while that of basketball plays at the Thomas & Mack Center (18,776 seats). Since 1992, the Sam Boyd Stadium Las Vegas Bowl is organizing a football game usually between university teams from the Pacific Ten Conference and the Mountain West Conference.

The city of Las Vegas is located in the south of the State of Nevada, Clark County (36 ° 11 '39 "N 115 ° 13' 19" W). According to the Census Bureau of the United States, the city covers an area of ​​340 km2. A small part of this area (0.04%) is covered by water.

The city lies in a valley (Las Vegas Valley) in the heart of an arid basin surrounded by snow-capped mountains in winter: string Spring (2512 meters), Rainbow Mountain to the west line north of Las Vegas, Sunrise Mountain and Frenchman Mountain east (1,025 meters), Black Mountain to the south (1,552 meters). Landscapes that are around is desert and geological characteristics of the Great Basin region.

The average altitude is 620 meters above the mean level of the sea. Due to urbanization and sampling ground water, the soil is affected by subsidence related to the flaws quaternaire4

Miami

Miami (English [maɪæmi] or [maɪæmə]) is a city in the United States, financial and cultural center of international level, located southeast of the state of Florida. The population of the county seat of Miami-Dade is inhabitants1 399,457 in 2010, making Miami the second town in Florida behind Jacksonville and the 44th city in the United States. City of leisure and entertainment, it is a popular seaside resort that is part of a string of famous resorts from Key West, Miami is the first of a vast agglomeration of 5,564,635 inhabitants (2010), the eighth urban center United States (after Washington and Atlanta before). Its marina is the first port of cruise ships, with a third of the world fleet.

Greater Miami encompasses many cities that lend him a look that is both urban and rural. The city of Miami, as opposed to its suburbs, is not only composed of the city center (3.8 km ²) at the mouth of the river, but also several communities like Coconut Grove, which despite their annexation, knew retain their individuality.

Because of its economic, cultural and linguistic relations with North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean, this global city is nicknamed "Passage of the Americas" or "Gateway to the Americas." This large port area is a major Hispanic centers in the United States by both strong economic ties with Latin America Florida by a large Cuban minority, however in the process of assimilation by the American way of life. This urban center, some areas show a high concentration of black population is francophone by his Haitian minority, which combines the legacy of poverty. Its overall population that meets the definition of old melting pot is colorful.

Downtown Miami in recent years saw urban renewal. The people are sometimes called Miamians2 the United States.

Miami is located at the same latitude as Taiwan, and the same longitude as Ecuador. The city covers an area of ​​143.15 km2, of which 92.68 km2 of land area. Among the cities of the United States, it is the smallest in extent (San Francisco and Boston are slightly larger).

The municipality and its suburbs occupy a large coastal plain estuary on the Miami River. It is located between two national parks, the Everglades to the west and that of Biscayne east. Its average altitude is around 0.91 m and does not exceed 4.5 m, especially near the coast. The highest points are on the Miami Rock Ridge (en), a limestone outcrop in the east of the city. The center is located on the coast of Biscayne Bay which is dotted with numerous islands, natural or artificial, which is home to the largest Miami Beach and South Beach. The Gulf Stream, a warm current, passes some 24 km from the coast and allows Miami to have a warm climate all year round.

The Miami metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade and a large number of islands, including Miami Beach (connected to the coast by seven road bridges), Virginia Key and Key Biscayne (served in turn by the Rickenbacker Causeway).

The bedrock of the city is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. It is covered with a thin soil an average of 15 meters. The limestone rocks formed there are about 130,000 years during the Sangamon interglacial period. The Miami area was then located in a shallow sea in which were deposited layers of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Sea levels began to decline with the onset of the Wisconsin glaciation, there are about 100,000 years old and the lagoon began émerger7. The land was originally formed when the area was submerged due to the abundance of calcium carbonate in seawater. Due to the capture of ocean water in the polar caps, the level the sea was lowered and many lands found themselves emerged, forming cays (or keys) 8.


Panoramic view of the city at night.
The Biscayne aquifer is under the plaine9 and extends from Palm Beach County to Florida Bay. It serves as a water source for the Greater Miami. It is between 4.5 and 6 meters below the surface, making it impossible to build a subway in the city (there is however an air metrorail).


The city of Miami is divided into five electoral districts, each administered by a district commissioner. It is also divided into thirteen districts officials. They are used by the City of Miami, usually for the purpose of urban and social planning, but are also used for the administration and the population census. Each of the thirteen districts include currency area to help improve the lives of local residents. These offices are managed by the NET (Neighboorhood Enhancement Team) 17, a structure set up by the city of Miami in 1992.

Miami is now considered a city open to international trade and especially to Latin America. The city is sometimes referred to as the gateway to the United States to Latin America, hence the nickname "The Gateway of the Americas", the gateway to the Americas. Tourism is a major source of revenue for the city that lives off its image as a tropical paradise, especially with the neighboring city of Miami Beach. Beyond its mild climate, its mixed culture and its international character make the area attractive. In 2003, 10.4 million visitors spent at least one night in the city and spent some 9.9 billion dollars23.

The labor force is of 167,689 people in 2006, 9,530 were unemployed, representing 5.1% of total24, higher than the national average. Key areas of the city include social services, education and health (25,250 employees), construction (23 905 employees) 24.

The Port of Miami is the largest port in the world for passenger ships. 3,605,201 people boarded there in 2005, an increase of approximately 15.8% compared to 64 199925. consulates are installed Miami24.

Since 2005, the Miami area saw its biggest building boom since the 1920s and is part of a phenomenon that some call the "Manhattanization" (referring to the borough of Manhattan in New York) to Miami over 80 high-rise buildings and skyscrapers are under construction, buildings along Biscayne Boulevard Biscayne Wall, Marinablue the Ten Museum Park, Marquis Miami, 900 Biscayne Bay, Everglades on the Bay and Freedom Square26. The newly created Midtown Miami is another illustration of the economic vitality of the métropole27.

The city attracts many companies, several large companies have their headquarters in Miami or nearby. Include Alienware, AutoNation, Brightstar Corporation, Burger King, Carnival Cruise Lines, Citrix Systems, DHL, Norwegian Cruise Line, Royal Caribbean Cruise Line, Ryder Systems, and Spirit Airlines.software update