Moscow (pronounced [mɔs.ku] Russian: Москва, Moskva, IPA: / mɐskva /) is the capital of the Russian Federation and the largest city in Europe. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River, which is the same name in Russian. The city is located in the European part of Russia and administratively in the Central Federal District. Moscow has the status of federal city. The city is an enclave in Moscow oblast but is administratively independent.
Moscow is both the most populous city in Europe, with 12 million people within the walls, according to the official census of 2013 and nearly 15 million people in the urban area, and the largest (more than 1,000 square kilometers). It is also the city whose budget is the highest compared to all other European capitals ($ 52 billion in 2012). It is the economic, political and academic head of Russia, comprising 8.9% of the population. Its inhabitants are Muscovites.
Moscow has played a big role in Russian history: it was the capital of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Russian Empire before Peter the Great transferred the capital to the new city of St. Petersburg. This city will remain the capital of Russia until the October Revolution, from which Moscow became the capital of the young Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Russia in 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Moscow is also known for its architectural heritage: the Kremlin with its palaces and churches, St. Basil's Cathedral on Red Square, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Seven Sisters Stalinist. Danilov Monastery in Moscow is the seat of the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.The historic core of the city is located on the hill overlooking the left bank of the Moskva River, where today are the Kremlin and Red Square.
Moscow has long been known by the Russian people "Mother" (Matushka Moskva).
The city is home to many academic and cultural institutions of the Federation. Moscow hosted the Summer Olympics in 1980.
Moscow has an important place in the Russian economy: it produces 25% of GDP of the Federation. After seven decades of communism, Moscow has turned into a "giant capitalist" and 1 is needed in the European and global economy. The construction of the International Trade Centre in Moscow (CCIM), also called "Moscow-City" is the symbol of this transformation. But this change has not been without its problems. Socioeconomic differences became significant: part of the population is highly enriched while the rising cost of living has worsened the living conditions of the poorest.
In the thirteenth century, Moscow became the heritage property cadet son of the dynasty of princes of Suzdal. There are princely palaces and three wooden churches, the oldest, St. John the Baptist, was the site of a pagan temple. The original town was destroyed in 1238 by the Tatars of Batu Khan. In the fourteenth century, under the leadership of its princes descended from Daniel Alexandrovich (1272-1303), son of Alexander Nevsky, she says slowly as the capital of Muscovy, and the russe4 State.
In the fourteenth century, Yuri III Moskovsky arguing with Michel Saint Vladimirski III, Prince of Tver, the throne of the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal (whose capital was the city of Vladimir). Ivan I, brother of Yuri, prevailed and became the sole collector of taxes for the Mongol overlords of the Golden Horde. This service allowed for concessions including pass control of the principality to the eldest and not to divide it between all children.
But when the growth of the Lithuanian empire began to threaten all of Russia, Moscow Khan strengthened, notably by the seat of the Orthodox church, allowing it to become the largest city in Russia. It is generally accepted that Ivan III finally liberated the city of Mongol control in 1480, ranking as the capital of an empire that will eventually encompass the whole of Russia, including Siberia and many other territories.
The tyranny of the subsequent rulers like Ivan the Terrible (first ruler to carry the title of Tsar), led to a weakening of the state, even when the empire extended. In 1571, the Crimean Tatars from the Ottoman Empire seized and burned the city. Between 1610 and 1612, Polish troops occupied Moscow as Poland tried unsuccessfully to install a monarch on the throne or form a union between the Slavic states. However, the Polish army was only partially supported by the aristocracy and its Russian counterpart led by Prince Pozharsky won the election of Mikhail Romanov.
Fifty religions are officially registered in the city but the population is predominantly Orthodox. The Moscow Orthodox represent 500 organizations, over 700 religious buildings (including 645 on), four male and five female monasteries monasteries. The city also has a community of Old Believers have available a dozen churches.The Jewish community of about 80,000 people has personnel who have suffered greatly from the wave of emigration to Israel in the 1990s and has in the center of a synagogue choir. The city also has a Muslim community constituting between 10% and 15% of the total population, mostly immigrants from the former Soviet Union. Although more than 80% of them do not have Russian citizenship, Moscow has six mosques and twenty organizations. There are many Protestant communities, particularly dynamic (including Baptists) with forty places of worship. The Catholic Church has three parishes, including the Church of St. Louis of the French, built in the early nineteenth century.
As elsewhere in Russia belonging and religious practice have increased dramatically over the past decade and yards (over forty to date) church building in Moscow have become common, especially in the suburbs, the the most striking being the reconstruction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in the 1990s for example.
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