Spain

Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, España Spanish pronunciation of the title in its original version Listen and Reino de España, is a southern European country and, as defined, of the West, which occupies most of the Iberian Peninsula. In 2009, there were 46 million inhabitants, making it the twenty-ninth country in the world in terms of population. One of the former European colonial powers, the country was a major world power in the fifteenth the sixteenth century, but began to lose influence thereafter, particularly throughout the nineteenth century with the loss of its colonies.

Spain is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south and east, with the exception of the British territory of Gibraltar and the Strait of the same name which separates the continent of Africa. To the north, the Pyrenees form a natural border with France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay. Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean bordering the west and northwest. Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. With an area of ​​504,030 km ², Spain is the largest in Western Europe and the European Union after France country.

Because of its location, the territory of Spain was subject to many external influences, often simultaneously, since prehistoric times until the birth of Spain as a country. Conversely, the country itself has been an important source of inspiration for other regions, chiefly during the modern era, when it became a colonial empire that has left a legacy of over 400 million Spanish speakers in date.

Indigenous peoples of the Iberian Peninsula are called Iberians. But Celtic populations, called Celtiberians, will then be aggregated. From the ninth century BC. BC, the Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians settled counters on Mediterranean shores.

Since 1978, the political organization of Spain is governed by the constitution of that year establishing a constitutional monarchy and a social and democratic state of law and plurality of political parties.

The monarch has political and symbolic powers, as defined in Article 62 of the constitution: it is the head of state and army, ratifies laws, appoints the Prime Minister, may dissolve Parliament on a proposal by . Furthermore (art. 56), it is the representative of the Spanish state in international relations, especially vis-à-vis ties with the Hispanic world. The current ruler is Felipe VI. Executive power is still held by the President of the Government.

The President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno) (comparable to the role of a Prime Minister) is the head of the executive for a period of four years renewable. The Prime Minister is appointed by the king after the acceptance of his candidature by the Congress of Deputies; he chairs the Council of Ministers. Mariano Rajoy is from December 20, 2011, President of the Government.

Legislative power is vested in Parliament (the Cortes Generales), which is the highest representative body of the Spanish people. It consists of a lower house, the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) and an upper house, the Senate (Senado). The Congress of Deputies has 350 members elected for four years by direct universal suffrage. Currently, the Senate is composed of 264 members of which 208 are directly elected and 56 appointed by the regions.

The judiciary consists of the Council of the Judiciary, administration and supervision of judges and magistrates and body of staff exercising a legal authority in Spain; the Supreme Court, which oversees the Spanish legal system and considers Last Call for crimes trial as well as for certain crimes or offenses of importance; Superior Courts of Justice, which make up the autonomous high courts also form part of the court order and are for the Spanish autonomous community of attachment, the equivalent of the Supreme Court, they remain subject to it and made ​​their judgments can be lodged appeals near the Supreme Court. A Spanish specificity lies in the existence of the National Court, a kind of "international" court ruling that foreigners for crimes of an international nature or particular themes that may involve either third States or several communities, but also topical areas such as terrorism, attacks on the welfare of the state and communities or representatives.

London

The common name London may appoint several different geographical or administrative units, which can sometimes be confusing. 

The most common use refers to Greater London (Greater London), one of nine regional subdivisions of  England, formed of the territory under the control of the Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London. Greater London is considered a NUTS-1 within the European Union. It is this set of about 1600 km2 to 7.5 million people, which is commonly referred to when speaking of the British capital. Greater London is divided into two areas; Inner London and Outer London. Both areas are considered NUTS-2 regions. However, the Greater London is not officially a city, whose status is strictly defined in the UK, is awarded to a city by the British monarch on specific criteria. Before its creation in 1965, the territory was part of Greater London counties of Kent, Middlesex, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. 



The City of London (City of London, abbreviated City, Square Mile or in reference to an area of ​​1 square mile), located in the heart of Greater London, is the historical definition of London. This is where the modern city was born and today is the oldest district of the capital. It's also a full-fledged district with special status. The city and the rest of London8 Grand London9 form two regions "Lieutenancy" (lieutenancy Areas) different.

Greater London is located in the South East of England, 50 miles west of the Thames Estuary and extends over an area of ​​1,579 km2, which puts the city at the thirty-seventh place of the most étendues11 cities. Elevations range from sea level up to 245 m in Biggin Hill, south of agglomération12. 

The river, which crosses the city from west to east, has had a major influence on the development of the city. London was originally founded on the north bank of the Thames and has arranged for several centuries, only one bridge, London Bridge (London Bridge). The main focus of the city is accordingly confined to this side of the Thames to the construction in the eighteenth century, a series of other bridges. The city was then extended in all directions, this expansion is hindered by any natural obstacle in a country almost devoid of relief, except for a few hills (Parliament Hill, Primrose Hill). 

The Thames was once wider and shallower than today. The river banks were heavily decorated, most tributaries were hijacked and are now underground, sometimes transformed into sewers (eg the Fleet River after which is named Fleet Street, the oldest street of journalists). The Thames is subject to the tide and is largely flood London. Flood threats also increase over time given the steady rise in the water level at high tide and slow tilt Britain (bearing north, lower in the south) caused by a isostatic rebound phenomenon. Dam, the Thames Barrier was built across the Thames at Woolwich in the 1970s, to overcome this threat. In 2005 however, it was suggested the construction of a dam of fifteen kilometers long further downstream to ward off future flooding.

Egypt

Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic al-Gumhuriyyat Miṣr'Arabiyyah (جمهورية مصر العربية), commonly known as Egyptian Arabic Masr  (مصر), is a country located mainly in North Africa is located on the south coast of the eastern Mediterranean: the Levantine basin, only the northeastern part of Egyptian territory consists of the Sinai Peninsula is in Asia. The current Egypt occupies the geographical area that was once one of ancient Egypt.

With over 86 million inhabitants, Egypt is the third most populous country in Africa after Nigeria and Ethiopia. Growing very rapidly, its population has quadrupled in sixty years.

Its capital is Cairo (al-Qahira, القاهرة). If the official language is Arabic, the language spoken is Egyptian (Arabic dialect). The Siwi - Tamazight (Berber) in western countries - is still spoken in Siwa. Coptic, it survives as the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians. As for the Nubian, it remains a language spoken by the inhabitants of Upper Egypt, in the Aswan region, an area commonly known as Nubia. Its currency is the Egyptian pound.

Egypt multiplies extremes: the most populous Arab country, 90% of its population lives in a strip of fertile land along the Nile (24 km at its widest point near Fayoum, 10 km on average, but can n 'have a hundred meters). The remaining land is desert.

To the south, the Nile runs into a mountain barrier; as it moves towards the north, the landscape becomes increasingly flat and barren.
North of Cairo, the valley turns into a vast delta 200 kilometers wide, similar to a large fertile range into the Mediterranean Sea.
To the east of the valley is the Arabian desert to the west the Libyan desert, arid plateau dotted with bizarre geological formations and lush oases.
To the east, across the Suez Canal extends the Sinai Peninsula, extending the Arabian desert, where the Mount Catherine rises to 2,642 meters.

The air is very dry and clean, and only the Nile is not found there totally Saharan climate. In winter, the temperature is mild and night frosts are exceptional. Apart from the months of January, February and March, sometimes quite cold in the north, average temperatures are around 20 ° C on the Mediterranean coast (maximum 31 ° C) and 28 ° C in Aswan (maximum 50 ° C). In the desert, the extremes are de rigueur - glowing day, cold at night.

Become significantly wetter since the construction of the High Dam, Upper Egypt virtually ignored the rain in ancient times, to the point that it seemed like an omen, usually fatal in the eyes of its inhabitants.

The Nile Delta and especially the offshore experience less severe drought. During the winter, heavy showers are transforming the region into swamps, but these are relatively rare rainfall (average in Cairo is six days of rain per year). Alexandria is the Egyptian city that receives the most precipitation, about 19 cm / year, while qu'Assouan receives only about 10 mm every five years.

In spring, rampant often the khamsin, a dry wind, hot and dusty, scorching breath deserts southeast. At the speed of 150 km / h, he tears the leaves and gives the sky a deep orange hue; the air charge of the dust which makes breathing oppressive. During these fifty days (hence the name of this season), Egypt knows some severe thunderstorms once symbolized by the god Seth.

In summer, the temperature is high, but in the evening a regular northerly breeze cools the atmosphere; this dry heat is actually more tolerable than humid heat.

This great sun, the dry heat were not without influence on the manners of the ancient Egyptians: the need for clothing was not much felt, but the wig was useful to protect themselves from the sun; baths and toilet care refreshed skin, while makeup, cosmetics, perfumes protected the skin and eyes from the sun reverb, and masked the smell of perspiration.

It is also to collect some freshness that were built into thick brick, which is working under porches and affluent people hid their homes in the green gardens.

Martil

Martil is a Moroccan seaside  town located northeast of Tetouan, on the Mediterranean Sea in the region of Tangier-Tetouan. From the time she was a Spanish protectorate, the city was called Rio Martil.

While she was part of the province of Tétouan2, it was attached to the prefecture of M'diq-Fnideq in 20101.

Tangier

Tangier (Arabic: طنجة; Amazigh Tanja, ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ, Greco-Roman: Tingis) is a city in northern Morocco, in the Western Rif. It is the capital of the area of Tangier-Tetouan and Tangier-Asilah prefecture. Located at the northern end of the country, the city is the main gate of Morocco on Europe, All which it is separated by 14 km of the Strait of Gibraltar. Its population W


AS 669.685 Inhabitants in the census of 20.041, making it the fifth Largest city in Morocco. It Was dubbed "the city of strangers" Because Of icts Many settlements (Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Portuguese, English, French and Spanish).


Tangier is located in the bay of the same name, opened on the western end of the Strait of Gibraltar, about 15 kilometers from the Spanish coast. First established on the hill of the Kasbah, the city gradually spread over the mountains bordering the west towards Cape Spartel (Marshan plateau, Old Mountain) and then along the beach towards Cape Malabata. Despite these reliefs, the site presents no significant river system.

The climate is Mediterranean, Tangier moderated by the oceanic influence and the breath of Chergui, with four distinct seasons: wet and mild winter, warm summer and dry, moderate rain inter-seasons. However, the city is often subject to severe weather such as strong winds and heavy rainfall (eg 200 mm of rain in one day, November 23, 2008). Rainfall ranges between 700 and 1000 mm per year. For temperatures, the record low is -4.2 ° C January 28, 2005 and for the record heat is 43.5 ° C on 1 August 2003

After a Phoenician presence, he remains two small cemeteries, the city was actually founded in the fourth century BC by the Carthaginians, who made ​​a counter (Tingi). In 146 BC, to the fall of Carthage, the city is connected to the Mauretania and became a Roman colony (Tingis) related to the province of Spain. Tangier takes such importance, it becomes, to the third century, the Mauritanian capital Tingitane. In the fifth century, Tangier was occupied by the Vandals. Released during the reign of Justinian in the early sixth century, it is attached to the Byzantine empire.

General Moussa Ibn Umayyad Noussaïr interested in Tangier for its strategic position and it is from there that 711, will begin the conquest of Spain by the troops of Tarik Ibn Ziad, who Gibraltar, among others, owes its name (Jebel Tarik Mount Tarik). During the five centuries after the dynasties of Morocco, Tunisia and Spain dispute the sovereignty of Tangier. The Idrisids masters of Volubilis, the Umayyads of Spain, compete on it for over a century. In the middle of the tenth century, the Fatimids of Tunisia to extend their authority. In 1075, in lesAlmoravides become masters until 1149, when the city fell to the Almohads. She enfeoffs Hafsides to Tunis before becoming Merinid en12743.

After three attempts to seize the Portuguese in 1471 and second to England in 1661 as dowry brought by Catherine of Braganza her husband Charles II of England. Back when Tangier was still a Portuguese city, it was the capital of the Algarve in Africa, we must not forget that there were two Algarve at the time, one in Europe and one in Africa [ref. needed] 4. Moulay Ismail in 1679 (chérifien Empire Alawi) laid siege to Tangier which is en1684 abandoned by decision of Charles II estimating its occupation by the British troops unnecessary and too costly.

As a result of the assistance provided by the Sultan Abd ar-Rahman ibn Hisham to the Algerian emir Abd El-Kader, the French launched a raid on Tangier retaliation led by the Prince de Joinville who bombed the city in 1844 and dismantles fortifications.

European rivalry for control of the city, door ajar on Morocco, began in the late nineteenth century. France, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany increasing diplomatic and trade missions to place their pawns, putting the city at the center of international rivalries. In 1880, the Madrid Convention attempts to define the relations between the major powers over Morocco. Driven by Chancellor Bulow who hears Remember way sensational, that Germany will not let get away and that France can not change the political situation in Morocco without the authorization of a new international Conference Guillaume He arrived March 31, 1905 the imperial yacht Hohenzollern in Tangier for a few hours and denounces, after a meeting with the uncle of the sultan, the French and Spanish designs on Morocco, causing a diplomatic crisis: the crisis Tangier. In 1906 the Algeciras Conference redefines the positions of each in Africa recognizing the independence of the sultan and affirming the equality of the signatories in the economic field. In 1923 the negotiations resulted in making an international zone free from customs duties. On 24 July 1925, the final status of Tangier is signed by theKingdom Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, the United States, Portugal, Soviet Union and France, which will join the Italy later.

The city now has its financial autonomy. It endows an international administration, especially in a legislature, composed of thirty international officials appointed by their respective consuls and nine Moroccans. The era of "International Status" is that of most international Tangier, both in culture and in the business, benefiting from the facilities offered to smuggling, espionage and counterfeiting.

In June 1940, after the French defeat, the Spanish Nationalist troops occupied Tangier and allow, in March 1941, the installation of the German consulate in mendoubia (Mendoub residence) where the Nazi flag fleet. In March 1944, Spain is from the German consulate mendoubia before removing, LE9 October 1945, troops from Tangier, which will regain its international status. Between 1939 and 1950, Tanger has seen its population triple to more than 150,000 residents.

April 10, 1947, Sultan Mohammed V, accompanied by Crown Prince Moulay Hassan (the future Hassan II), delivered the first speech in Tangier, which refers to a unified and independent Morocco attached to the Arab nation. In 1956, with the independence of Morocco, the conference Fedala (8 to 29 October) makes Tangier in Morocco. A Royal Charter maintains the freedom of exchange and trade until 1960, when the Moroccan government abolished the tax benefits and Tangier are left with is identical to that of other cities of the kingdom status. To avoid a significant capital flight, the port of Tangiers has a free zone.

The city known for ten years (2000) a spectacular development.

Agadir

Agadir (That word means "fortified granary collective" in Tamazight Tifinagh ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, أڭادير Arabic) is a city in southwestern Morocco, located On on the Atlantic  coast, in the Souss area, 508 miles south of Casablanca, 173 km from Essaouira and 235 km west of Marrakech3. It is the capital of the administrative area of Souss-Massa-Draa and the Prefecture of Agadir Ida Outanane. 

The population of the metropolitan area of Greater Agadir in 2012 is estimated at about 900 000 inhabitants. [Ref. needed] The city currently has about 600,000 habitants1,4 (Gadiris in French, Gougadir / Oultougadir in tachelhit, Gadiri / Gadiria in Arabic), and the town, with neighboring cities, and Aït Melloul Inzegane 600 000. According to the 2004 census, Agadir had that year 346,106 habitants5 and population lapréfecture Agadir Ida Outanane was 487,954 habitants5. This is one of the main urban centers of Morocco, seventh agglomeration of the country after Casablanca, Rabat, Fez, Marrakech, Meknes and Tangier. The population density is quite high. Three languages ​​are spoken in the city: Arabic (Darija essentially, the Moroccan Arabic dialect); the tachelhit (or Berber) by the Amazigh (Berbers or Chleuhs Icelḥiyen); and French. 
Damaged by an earthquake in 1960, the city has been completely rebuilt with mandatory seismic standards. It is now the largest seaside resort in Morocco where tourists and foreign residents come many attracted by an unusually mild all year round climate. Since 2010, well served by low cost and the highway to Tangier flights, the city attracts all horizonset is experiencing annual growth of over 6% a year in housing demand while production barely exceeds 3

Paris

Paris (pronounced [pa.ʁi] pronunciation of the title in its original version Listen) is the capita
l of France. It lies at the heart of a vast fertile plain temperate climate, the Paris Basin, on a bend of the Seine, between the junction of the latter with the Marne and Oise. Its inhabitants are called Parisians.

Paris is also the capital of the Île-de-France and the only French town that is also a department. As the cities of Lyon and Marseille, it is divided into districts (twenty in number). It has a police commissioner.

Most populous city long in Europe, it remains the most populous France. According to the census of Inseeb 1, the town of Paris on 1 January 2011 had over 2.2 million inhabitants. The Paris agglomeration has largely developed during the twentieth century, bringing 10.5 million at January 1, 2011b 2, and its urban area (the city and the suburban ring) were approximately 12.3 million inhabitants on 1 January 2011b 3 It is one of the most populated cities in Europe.

The position of Paris, on an island to cross the great navigable river that is the Seine by a route connecting the north and south of Gaul, in fact since ancient times an important city, capital of the Parisii and a base of an emperor. Its position at the center of the territory controlled by the Frankish kings actually choose as the capital of France instead of Tournai. Placed at the center of a fertile agricultural area with a damp, mild climate, Paris is one of the main cities of France during the tenth century, with royal palaces, wealthy abbeys and a cathedral; during the twelfth century, with the University of Paris, the city became one of the first homes in Europe for education and the arts. Royal power setting in the city, its economic and political importance is growing. Thus at the beginning of the fourteenth century, Paris is one of the most important of the whole Christian world cities. In the seventeenth century it was the capital of a major European political powers in the eighteenth century one of the great cultural centers of Europe and the nineteenth century capital of the arts and pleasures. Paris plays a major political and economic role in the history of Europe during the second millennium.

Symbol of French culture with its many monuments, the city attracts the 2000s nearly three million visitors per year1. Paris also occupies a prominent place in the world of fashion and luxury; it is also the most visited capital in the world.

 The city, with its suburbs, the economic and commercial capital of France, and its first financial marketplace. The Paris region, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of 607 billion euros (845 billion dollars) in 2011b 4, is a major European economic player. It is the first European region by the régional2 GDP and sixth in GDP per capita PPA3. The density of its railway network, highway and airport structure, the hub of French and European aviation network, make it a focal point for international transport. This is the result of a long evolution, particularly the centralizing designs of monarchies and republics, which give a significant role to the capital in the country and tend to concentrate institutions. Since the 1960s, government policies, however, are between devolution and decentralization.